Hepatitis A is the only type that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route through contaminated food. HAV is a single-stranded, positive-sense, linear RNA enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family. In humans, viral replication depends on hepatocyte uptake and synthesis, and assembly occurs exclusively in the liver cells. Virus acquisition results almost exclusively from ingestion (eg, fecal-oral transmission)

Option A: Hepatitis B infection, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), is commonly transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. [1] Consequently, sexual contact, accidental needle sticks or sharing of needles, blood transfusions, and organ transplantation are routes for HBV infection.
Option C: Before widespread screening of the blood supply in 1992, hepatitis C was also spread through blood transfusions and organ transplants. Now, the risk of transmission to recipients of blood or blood products is extremely low.
Option D: Today, most people become infected with hepatitis B, C, or D by sharing needles, syringes, or any other equipment used to prepare and inject drugs.

Hepatitis C is a viral infection transmitted through bodily fluids, such as blood, causing inflammation of the liver. Patients with hepatitis C may not donate blood for transfusion due to the high risk of infection in the recipient.

Option B: Cholecystitis is the inflammation of the gallbladder. This condition does not transmit through bodily fluids.
Option C: Diverticulosis is when pockets called diverticula form in the wall of the digestive tract. The inner layer of the intestine pushes through weak spots in the outer lining. This pressure makes them bulge out, making little pouches.
Option D: Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes inflammation of the digestive tract. This disease does not transmit through the blood.

Naproxen sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can cause inflammation of the upper GI tract. For this reason, it is contraindicated in a patient with gastritis. Naproxen is used to relieve pain from various conditions such as headache, muscle aches, tendonitis, dental pain, and menstrual cramps. It also reduces pain, swelling, and joint stiffness caused by arthritis, bursitis, and gout attacks.

Option B: Calcium carbonate is used as an antacid for the relief of indigestion and is not contraindicated. Calcium carbonate is a dietary supplement used when the amount of calcium taken in the diet is not enough. Calcium is needed by the body for healthy bones, muscles, nervous system, and heart. Calcium carbonate also is used as an antacid to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It is available with or without a prescription.
Option C: Clarithromycin is an antibacterial often used for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori in gastritis. Clarithromycin is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as pneumonia (a lung infection), bronchitis (infection of the tubes leading to the lungs), and infections of the ears, sinuses, skin, and throat. It also is used to treat and prevent disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection [a type of lung infection that often affects people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]. It is used in combination with other medications to eliminate H. pylori, a bacterium that causes ulcers. Clarithromycin is in a class of medications called macrolide antibiotics. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
Option D: Furosemide is a loop diuretic and is NOT contraindicated in a patient with gastritis. Furosemide is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. Furosemide is used to treat edema (fluid retention; excess fluid held in body tissues) caused by various medical problems, including heart, kidney, and liver disease. Furosemide is in a class of medications called diuretics (‘water pills’). It works by causing the kidneys to get rid of unneeded water and salt from the body into the urine.

Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, is most commonly caused by the presence of gallstones, which may block bile (necessary for fat absorption) from entering the intestines. Patients should decrease dietary fat by limiting foods like fatty meats, fried foods, and creamy desserts to avoid irritation of the gallbladder.

Option A: The patient may maintain a moderate to a high-calorie diet, as a very low-calorie diet may increase the risk for gallstones that predisposes to cholecystitis.
Option B: Both animal fat and animal protein may contribute to the formation of gallstones. Vitamin C, which is abundant in plants and absent from meat affects the rate-limiting step in the catabolism of cholesterol to bile acids and is inversely related to the risk of gallstones and cholecystitis. Individuals consuming the most refined carbohydrates have a 60% greater risk for developing gallstones, compared with those who consumed the least.
Option C: Replacing sugary drinks with drinks high in fiber would reduce the risk of gallbladder stones by 15%.

Patients with pulmonary edema experience air hunger, anxiety, and agitation. Symptoms may also include coughing up blood or bloody froth; difficulty breathing when lying down (orthopnea); feeling of “air hunger” or “drowning” (this feeling is called “paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea” if it causes you to wake up 1 to 2 hours after falling asleep and struggle to catch your breath).

Option A: Physical findings in patients with pulmonary edema are notable for tachypnea and tachycardia. Patients may be sitting upright, they may demonstrate air hunger, and they may become agitated and confused. Patients usually appear anxious and diaphoretic.
Option B: Auscultation of the lungs usually reveals fine, crepitant rales, but rhonchi or wheezes may also be present. Rales are usually heard at the bases first; as the condition worsens, they progress to the apices.
Option C: Cardiovascular findings are usually notable for S3, accentuation of the pulmonic component of S2, and jugular venous distention. Auscultation of murmurs can help in the diagnosis of acute valvular disorders manifesting with pulmonary edema.