Opioids (e.g., morphine, oxycodone) are a group of medications most commonly used for pain relief. Their effects can be addictive, causing a high potential for abuse. Overdose of these medications depresses the central nervous system. The symptoms that are most commonly associated with overdose include: Coma, Pinpoint (constricted) pupils, Severe respiratory depression which can lead to respiratory arrest and death. Additional symptoms may include hypothermia, hypotension, and bradycardia [Choice 3]. Naloxone is given to reverse the effects of an opioid overdose.

Panic attacks are characterized by short episodes (15-30 minutes) of intense anxiety that escalate quickly and cause fear and physiological distress. Panic attacks may be triggered by a specific event or occur spontaneously, as seen with panic disorder. During a panic attack, clients may lose the ability to think rationally, which poses a safety risk. Primary nursing interventions include staying with the client to ensure safety and decreasing environmental stimuli to prevent further escalation of anxiety (e.g., turning off the radio, closing the curtains) [Choice 3]. Anti-anxiety medications (e.g., benzodiazepines) may be considered if nonpharmacological interventions are ineffective.

Scopolamine is an anticholinergic medication used to treat motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting (N/V). Anticholinergic drugs act by blocking action of the parasympathetic nervous system (i.e., “rest and digest” response). Anticholinergic medications cause mydriasis (pupillary dilation) by relaxing the muscles that constrict the pupil. Dilating the pupil blocks aqueous humor drainage, which increases intraocular pressure. Therefore, anticholinergic eye drops are contraindicated in glaucoma due to the risk for primary angle-closure glaucoma and permanent vision loss.

Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., beclomethasone, budesonide) control asthma by reducing airway inflammation. They are the treatment of choice for preventing asthma exacerbation in clients with mild persistent asthma.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram) are used to manage depression and anxiety disorders. They work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, thereby increasing its availability in the brain.
Teaching was effective if the client demonstrates an understanding of these teaching points: Muscle rigidity should be immediately reported to the health care provider [Choice 1]. Blocking the reuptake of too much serotonin can result in serotonin syndrome, a potentially fatal condition that includes symptoms of muscle rigidity, myoclonus (i.e. muscle spasms), and fever. Serotonin syndrome requires emergency interventions (e.g., cooling blankets, anticonvulsants).