1. Membrane potential and the proton gradient

A. are both required to make ATP
B. are sufficient, separately, to make ATP from ADP + Pi;
C. reinforce one another when respiratory inhibitors are present
D. cancel one another when uncouplers are present

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2. The irreversibility of the thiokinase reactions (formation of initial acyl-CoA)

A. make this activation reaction the committed step on the pathway
B. is due to the subsequent hydrolysis of the product
C. applies only to even-chain fatty acids
D. both (a) and (b)

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3. Long-chain fatty acids are oxidized step-wise in one carbon units starting from the

A. carboxyl end
B. aliphatic end
C. both (a) and (b)
D. none of these

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4. How many molecules of acetyl-CoA are produced in the oxidation of palmitic acid (C16), which involves seven rounds of oxidation?

A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
D. 9

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5. The oxidation of methanol (wood alcohol) in human retina tissue leads directly to the formation of

A. formaldehyde
B. sugars
C. CO₂
D. none of these

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